The word qur'an comes from the Arabic root qaraʼa (قرأ), meaning "he read" or "he recited" in early times the text was transmitted orally. The 92 Meccan suras, believed to have been revealed to Muhammad in Mecca before the Hijra, deal primarily with 'usul ad-din, or "the principles of religion", whereas the 22 Medinan suras, believed to have been revealed to him after the Hijra, deal primarily with Sharia and prescriptions of Islamic life. It is also admired for its layers of metaphor as well as its clarity, a feature which is mentioned in An-Nahl, the 16th surah. It contains injunctions, narratives, homilies, parables, direct addresses from God, instructions and even comments on how the Qu'ran will be received and understood. Not only is the Qur'an the first work of any significant length written in the language, but it also has a far more complicated structure than the earlier literary works with its 114 suwar (chapters) which contain 6,236 ayat (verses). As Islam spread, the Quran had the effect of unifying and standardizing Arabic. Muslims believe it was transcribed in the Arabic dialect of the Quraysh, the tribe of Muhammad. The Qur'an, the main holy book of Islam, had a significant influence on the Arabic language, and marked the beginning of Islamic literature. The Qur'an is one of the most influential examples of Arabic literature Aktham Bin Sayfi was also one of the most famous rulers of the Arabs, as well as one of their most renowned speech-givers. Quss Bin Sā'ida was a notable Arab ruler, writer, and orator. The main forms were parables ( المَثَل al-mathal), speeches ( الخطابة al-khitāba), and stories ( القِصَص al-qisas). Prose Īs the literature of the Jahili period was transmitted orally and not written, prose represents little of what has been passed down. al-Hutay'a was prominent for his madīh, or " panegyric", as well as his hijā', or " invective". Īl-Khansa stood out in her poetry of rithā' or elegy. These poets are Imru' al-Qais, Tarafah ibn al-‘Abd, Abid Ibn al-Abrass, Harith ibn Hilliza, Amr ibn Kulthum, Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma, Al-Nabigha al-Dhubiyānī, Antara Ibn Shaddad, al-A'sha al-Akbar, and Labīd ibn Rabī'ah. There were also the poets of the Mu'allaqat, or "the suspended ones", a group of poems said to have been on display in Mecca. Notable poets of the pre-Islamic period were Abu Layla al-Muhalhel and Al-Shanfara. Portrayal of the Jahili period poet-knight Antarah ibn Shaddad. 3.3 Late 20th century to early 21st century.
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